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- $Unique_ID{BRK04206}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Sarcoidosis}
- $Subject{Sarcoidosis Besnier-Boeck Schaumann Disease Boeck Sarcoid
- Hutchinson-Boeck Syndrome Benign Lymphogranulamatosis Schaumann Syndrome Lupus
- Pernio Uveoparotid Fever }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 215:
- Sarcoidosis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Sarcoidosis) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the following page
- to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Besnier-Boeck Schaumann Disease
- Boeck Sarcoid
- Hutchinson-Boeck Syndrome
- Benign Lymphogranulamatosis
- Schaumann Syndrome
- Lupus Pernio
- Including Uveoparotid Fever
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Sarcoidosis is a disorder which affects many body systems. It is
- characterized by small round lesions (tubercles) of granulation tissue.
- Symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the disease and how much of
- the body is affected.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Sarcoidosis depend on the site of involvement and may be absent,
- slight, or severe. Function may be impaired by the active granulomatous
- disease or by secondary fibrosis. Fever, weight loss, and arthralgias (joint
- pain) may be initial manifestations. Persistent fever is especially common
- with liver (hepatic) involvement. Peripheral lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph
- glands) is common and usually asymptomatic. Both enlarged and normal-sized
- lymph nodes may contain the characteristic sarcoid tubercles.
-
- The lymph glands between the two lungs are often affected and may be seen
- during routine chest x-rays. Disease of the right lymph nodes next to the
- trachea is common in this disorder. Lymph gland involvement is occasionally
- unilateral.
-
- Diffuse lung infiltration may accompany or follow lymph gland involvement;
- this infiltration may have a diffuse fine ground-glass appearance on the
- x-ray, and may occur as reticular (resembling a net) or miliary (resembling a
- millet seed) lesions. They may also resemble metastatic tumors. Pulmonary
- involvement is usually characterized by cough and difficulty in breathing
- (dyspnea), but these symptoms may be minimal or even absent. Pulmonary
- fibrosis, cystic changes, and cor pulmonale (heart disease due to pulmonary
- hypertension) may occur as a result of long-standing progressive disease.
-
- Skin lesions (i.e., plaques, papules, subcutaneous nodules) frequently
- are present in patients with severe chronic Sarcoidosis. Granulomas of the
- nasal mucous membranes and the conjunctiva may occur.
-
- An acute inflammatory skin disease marked by tender red nodules (erythema
- nodosum) with fever and pain in the joints (arthralgias) is a frequent
- manifestation of Sarcoidosis.
-
- Liver (hepatic) granulomas are found in 70% of patients examined by liver
- biopsy, even if they are asymptomatic and have normal liver function tests.
- An enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) is noted in fewer than 20% of patients.
- Progressive and severe hepatic dysfunction with enlarged or tortuous veins
- (esophageal varices and portal vein hypertension) is rare.
-
- Granulomatous inflammation of the vascular middle layer of the eye occurs
- in 15% of cases; it is usually bilateral, and may result in severe loss of
- vision from secondary glaucoma if untreated. Inflammation of the tissues
- around the veins in the retina (retinal periphlebitis), tear gland
- enlargement, conjunctival infiltrations, and dry inflammation of the cornea
- (keratitis sicca) occasionally are present.
-
- Myocardial involvement may cause angina, congestive heart failure, or
- severe conduction abnormalities. Acute polyarthritis may be prominent.
- Central nervous system (CNS) involvement can be of almost any type, but
- cranial nerve palsies, especially facial paralysis, are most common. Diabetes
- insipidus may also occur. An excess of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia)
- and an excess of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria) may cause kidney
- stones or precipitated calcium phosphate in kidney tubules (nephrocalcinosis)
- with consequential renal failure. Prednisone therapy has reduced the
- frequency and adverse effects of disordered calcium metabolism in patients
- with Sarcoidosis.
-
- Laboratory findings include the following characteristics. A decrease in
- white blood cells (leukopenia) frequently is present. An abnormally high
- globulin content of the blood (hyperglobulinemia) is common among black
- people with Sarcoidosis. Elevated serum uric acid is not uncommon, but gout
- is rare. Serum alkaline phosphatase may be elevated as a result of liver
- involvement. Depression of delayed hypersensitivity is characteristic, but a
- negative second-strength tuberculin reaction is useful in excluding a
- complicating tuberculosis. Pulmonary function tests show restriction,
- decreased compliance (yielding to pressure or force without disruption), and
- impaired diffusing capacity of the lungs. Carbon dioxide retention is
- uncommon since ventilation rarely is obstructed except in patients with
- endobronchial disease or severe pulmonary fibrosis. Serial measurements of
- pulmonary function are a guide to treatment and to the course of the disease.
-
- Causes
-
- The cause of Sarcoidosis is not known. A single provoking agent such as a
- slow virus, or disordered defense reactions triggered by a variety of agents
- may be responsible. Genetic factors may be important.
-
- Recent studies indicate that M. tuberculosis may be involved in the
- development of Sarcoidosis. It is felt that the disease may be caused by a
- form of M. tuberculosis that has no cell wall and as a result is not
- susceptible to the usual TB therapy.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Sarcoidosis occurs predominantly between the ages and 20 and 40 years. It is
- most common among people of northern European ancestry and American Blacks.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Sarcoidosis is symptomatic and supportive. Corticosteroids
- often relieve symptoms, improve physiologic disturbances and reduce x-ray
- changes. Corticosteroid therapy should be given to suppress troublesome or
- disabling symptoms such as difficulty breathing (dyspnea), severe pain in the
- joints (arthralgia), and fever; it should be begun promptly if active eye
- disease, respiratory failure, liver insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmia,
- central nervous system involvement, or hypercalcemia is present. Prednisone
- therapy is required by 1/2 of white patients and 2/3 of black patients with
- this disorder. Prednisone is given orally, and the treatment may be
- necessary for weeks, years, or, in some cases, indefinitely. Low maintenance
- doses are surprisingly effective in controlling symptoms.
-
- Clinical examinations, x-rays, and pulmonary function studies should be
- made at frequent intervals when dosage is being reduced or medication is
- terminated. Serious complications of corticosteroid therapy are infrequent
- when low doses are used for treatment of Sarcoidosis. A tuberculostatic
- antibacterial agent (isoniazid) therapy is indicated only for the few
- patients given corticosteroids who have positive tuberculin skin tests.
-
- Methotrexate (a folic acid antagonist) and chlorambucil (a cytotoxic
- alkylating agent) occasionally are effective in treatment of Sarcoidosis, but
- dramatic improvement with these medications is rare. They should be tried
- only when corticosteroids fail to improve the condition or are
- contraindicated.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study bronchoalveolar lavage in Interstitial
- Lung Disease. Interested persons may wish to contact:
-
- Gary W. Hunninghake, M.D.
- Dept. of Internal Medicine
- University of Iowa
- Iowa City, IA 52242
- (319) 356-4187
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Sarcoidosis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Sarcoidosis Resource Center
- P.O. Box 1593
- Piscataway, NJ 08855-1593
- (908) 699-0733
-
- The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
- Clearinghouse
- Box AMS
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 495-4484
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- American Lung Association
- 1740 Broadway
- New York, NY 10019
- (212) 315-8700
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 252.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 360-1, 451-7.
-
-